Background: Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (Ph-MPN) are chronic hematological disorders characterized by the overproduction of one or more mature myeloid blood cell lineages. Classical Ph-MPN are polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytopenia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Aim: To assess the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic characteristics of Ph-MPN in Chile. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of all patients referred as MPN from 2012 to 2017. Patients with (9;21) translocation were excluded. Results: Data of 462 cases with a median age of 69 years from 10 public hospitals was reviewed. ET was the most frequently Ph-MNP found. The incidence of Ph-MPN was 1.5 x 100.000 cases. The JAK2 V617F mutation study was performed in 96% of patients and only 30% had a bone marrow biopsy. Thrombotic events were observed in 29% of patients. Bleeding events were observed in 7%. Five-year overall survival was 87%. Conclusions: ET is the most frequent Ph-MPN. The mean incidence was lower than reported in the literature, in part because of a sub diagnosis.

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most common malignancies found in hematology. Aim: To describe the features of patients with MM and perform a survival analysis according to the different treatment protocols used between 2000 and 2016. Material and Methods: Analysis of the database of the Chilean national anti-neoplastic drug program. Information was obtained from 1,103 patients, with a median age of 64.5 years (range 27-95) and a male to female ratio of 1:1.2. Results: The mean overall survival (OS) of patients receiving or not receiving Thalidomide was 46 and 30 months, respectively (p < 0.01). The mean OS of patients treated before 2007 (treated with melphalan and prednisone) and between 2007 and 2012 (treated with thalidomide and dexamethasone) was 36 and 48 months respectively. In the group starting in 2013 (treated with cyclophosphamide, thalidomide and dexamethasone) the median survival had not been reached at 20 months of follow up (p = 0.01 for all comparisons). Autologous transplantation (AT) was carried out in only 18% of the eligible patients. The median OS of the patients who receive an AT had not been reached at 48 month compared with 36 month among those who did not received the procedure (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Even though overall survival has improved with time, new drugs must be introduced in our protocols to obtain similar results to those obtained worldwide.

Background: Intensified treatment of Philadelphia chromosome negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph(-)ALL) in adolescents by pediatric teams, with fve years disease free survival (DFS) rate of 65%, encouraged the use of intensified protocols in patients between 15 and 30 years, improving the DFS from 45% to 60-80%. The protocol LLA 15-30 for patients between 15 and 30 years with Ph(-)ALL, based on the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) protocol AALL0232 resulting in a five years DFS of 78%, was started in 2007 by the PANDA national program. Aim: To report the results of the prospective cohort study evaluating the results of this protocol four years after its implementation. Patients and Methods: Between January 2007 and December 2010, 68 Ph(-) ALL patients, aged between 15-30 years (75% males) were incorporated. Survival was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests. Results: Fifty percent of patients were of high risk. A complete response was achieved in 91%, early death occurred in 6% and induction failure in 3%. Median follow-up was 23 months. Overall survival, disease free survival and relapse rates at 35 months were 61.8, 67.5% and 31% respectively. Conclusions: LLA 15-30 protocol significantly improved three-year overall survival from 31 to 62%. The 20% difference observed with AALL0232 protocol is explained by the high rate of relapse. Improving provider and patient compliance with protocols may eliminate this gap.

Background: Since 1975, the Durie-Salmon staging system (D&S) has been a widely accepted prognostic classification of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Recently, the new International Staging System (ISS) was developed using only the values of albumin and betaZ-microglobulin. Aim: To compare survival of patients with MM treated in six medical centers in Chile according to the D&S system and the new ISS. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of demographic information, clinical features and survival rate of patients treated between 1998 and 2002, and grouped according to both systems. Results: Information of 81 patients aged 38 to 90 years (43 women) was retrieved. According D&S system 11% were in stage I 12% in stage II and 73% in stage III According to ISS, 34% were in stage I 35% in stage II and 31% in stage III Median of survival of all patients was 32 months. Both staging systems had a prognostic value. However, median survival for the three stages of the ISS system was significantly different (67, 29 and 14 months in stages III and III, respectively, p =0.02). Patients in advanced stages II and III of the ISS, had a higher frequency of anemia, hypercalcemia, renal failure and hypoalbuminemia. In stages II and III of ISS the presence of renal failure was associated with a non significantly different lower survival. Conclusions: The ISS is a simple and effective grouping method for patients with MM, that predicts survival. The presence of renal insufficiency might identify a subgroup of patients included in stages II and III of ISS with a higher mortality (Rev Méd Chile 2008; 136: 7-12)

Background: Mortality rate records are the only data available in Chile about the prognosis of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Aim To characterize clinical features, survival rate and factors related to mortality in cases with MM treated in six large medical centers in Chile. Material and Method: Retrospective analysis of demographic data, clinical features and survival rate records of patients with MM, collected between 1998 and 2002. Survival curves were generated and a multivariate analysis of factors associated to early mortality was carried out. Results: Data from 245patients aged 38 to 95years (129 women) was collected. Fifty two percent had an IgG myeloma, 25% had and IgA and 6.1% had light chains myeloma. According to Durie and Salmon staging system, 8,2% were in Stage 112.6% in Stage II, 60.5% in Stage III and in 18.8% the information about staging was not available. Fifty percent had an hemoglobin level below 10 g/dL, 30% had a serum creatinine over 2 mg/dL and 28% had a serum calcium level over 10.5 mg/dL. Median survival was 33 months. Twenty percent of patients died within the first six months after diagnosis (early mortality). Predictive factors for early mortality were male sex, thrombocytopenia, anemia, renal failure, hypercalcemia, a beta2-microglobulin >5.5 mg/L and a serum albumin level <3.5 g/dL. There was a correlation between the number of bad prognosis factors present and the probability of early mortality. Conclusions: This group of Chilean patients with MM presented a short survival time, and 20% died within the first six months after diagnosis. More than a half of cases were diagnosed at an advanced stage (Durie and Salmon Stage III). Several factors were associated to early mortality, two of which (beta 2-microglobulin and serum albumin), are included in the new International Staging System for MM

Pediculosis is an endemics that has recently intensified world wide and also in Cuba as of 1970. A study was performed in the schools located in the health area of the Vedado Polyclinics in the City of Havana to find out the level of knowledge acquired and the practices followed that may have an effect on the control of this disease. Two qualitative techniques i,e, group analysis and non-participatory observation allowed to gather information. Wrong pieces of knowledge and ill practices were detected such as the belief that nits can fly, the use of a drug called Lindano 1 % to treat children as a preventive method while they are in class, application of products in a wrong way, use of harmful products and no taking out of nits in a systematic way. These mistaken concepts and practices affect the analysis of cases and thus, they should be taken into consideration to increase the efficiency of the control program.

La pediculosis es una endemia que se ha recrudecido en el mundo y también en Cuba a partir de 1970. Se realizó un estudio en los centros escolares ubicados en el área de salud del Policlínico Vedado de la ciudad de La Habana con el propósito de indagar sobre los conocimientos y las prácticas que pudieran incidir en el control de esta infestación. La información se obtuvo por medio de 2 técnicas cualitativas: discusiones grupales y observación no participante. Se encontraron conocimientos y prácticas erróneos como son que el piojo vuela, uso del lindano 1 % en los niños como preventivo mientras se encuentran en la escuela, incorrecta aplicación de los productos, utilización de productos nocivos, y el no retiro de las liendres mecánicamente. Estas concepciones y prácticas erróneas afectan el estudio de los casos por lo que deben tomarse en cuenta para incrementar la eficiencia del programa de control.

Knowledge, beliefs, and practices related to acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in individuals caring for the elderly (over 65 years of age) were evaluated. Home interviews were conducted with 245 persons: 136 lived in urban areas and 109 in rural areas. Mean age was 62 years. All interviewees could read and write. Some 52% of the elderly cared for themselves. A total of 33% smoked. They were generally unaware of the severity of signs and symptoms in ARIs (37% could not mention any). Some 47% did not follow the physician's orders. Self-medication with antibiotics was commonplace. A total of 28% failed to increase liquid intake during the course of ARIs. The results demonstrated insufficient knowledge and management of ARIs in the elderly. An educational program and specific intervention were conducted to improve the situation identified by the study.

Las Infecciones Respiratorias Agudas (IRA) se encuentran entre las primeras 5 causas de muerte en adultos mayores de 65 años. Para contribuir a disminuir la mortalidad debe lograrse un diagnóstico temprano y un tratamiento adecuado para lo cual en el hogar se deben tener conocimientos elementales sobre sus manifestaciones, las medidas de apoyo y el uso apropiado de medicamentos. Nos propusimos evaluar los conocimientos y prácticas sobre las IRA de los que atienden a ancianos por medio de una encuesta a 245 personas, 136 residentes en zona urbana y 109 en zona rural. La media de las edades fue 62 años. Todos estaban alfabetizados. El 52% se cuidaban ellos mismos. El 33% fumaba. Se encontró desconocimiento acerca de las IRA, sobre todo de las manifestaciones de gravedad ya que el 37% no pudo señalar alguno de sus signos. Un 47% no cumplía las indicaciones del médico. Existían prácticas inadecuadas como automedicación de antibióticos y antitusígenos. El 28% no aumentaba la ingestión de líquidos, el 30% sobreabrigaba al enfermo y el 9% consideraba que debía evitarse toda actividad. Ésto demostró desconocimiento en el manejo de las IRA y para mejorarlo se propuso una intervención basada en estos resultados.

Knowledge, beliefs, and practices related to acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in individuals caring for the elderly (over 65 years of age) were evaluated. Home interviews were conducted with 245 persons: 136 lived in urban areas and 109 in rural areas. Mean age was 62 years. All interviewees could read and write. Some 52% of the elderly cared for themselves. A total of 33% smoked. They were generally unaware of the severity of signs and symptoms in ARIs (37% could not mention any). Some 47% did not follow the physician's orders. Self-medication with antibiotics was commonplace. A total of 28% failed to increase liquid intake during the course of ARIs. The results demonstrated insufficient knowledge and management of ARIs in the elderly. An educational program and specific intervention were conducted to improve the situation identified by the study.

Las Infecciones Respiratorias Agudas (IRA) se encuentran entre las primeras 5 causas de muerte en adultos mayores de 65 años. Para contribuir a disminuir la mortalidad debe lograrse un diagnóstico temprano y un tratamiento adecuado para lo cual en el hogar se deben tener conocimientos elementales sobre sus manifestaciones, las medidas de apoyo y el uso apropiado de medicamentos. Nos propusimos evaluar los conocimientos y prácticas sobre las IRA de los que atienden a ancianos por medio de una encuesta a 245 personas, 136 residentes en zona urbana y 109 en zona rural. La media de las edades fue 62 años. Todos estaban alfabetizados. El 52% se cuidaban ellos mismos. El 33% fumaba. Se encontró desconocimiento acerca de las IRA, sobre todo de las manifestaciones de gravedad ya que el 37% no pudo señalar alguno de sus signos. Un 47% no cumplía las indicaciones del médico. Existían prácticas inadecuadas como automedicación de antibióticos y antitusígenos. El 28% no aumentaba la ingestión de líquidos, el 30% sobreabrigaba al enfermo y el 9% consideraba que debía evitarse toda actividad. Ésto demostró desconocimiento en el manejo de las IRA y para mejorarlo se propuso una intervención basada en estos resultados.

In order to determine the impact of the educational campaing about cholera on the knowledge and believes of the population, a survey was made in 1993 among 1 324 poersons from 14 provinces and from Isla de la Juventud special municipality. 85 % were 20-59 years oldand 89 % had an secondary basic or higher educational level. 69 % had the minimun knowledge to face the disease, 90 % would see a doctor if they had and suspicion, 72 % knew that diarrhea is the main symptom of cholera, 54 % new how it is transmitted 89 % thought that they may be infected by drinking water, 54 % understood the importance of giving liquids to the sick subject, and 78 % realized the significance of washing their hands before eating anf cooking. It is concluded that even though our population has a general knowledge about the disease, due to the fact that our country is located in an endemic zone, health education must be reinforced, specifically those aspects connected with the communication and with the increase of liquids administration to the patients.

Con el objetivo de determinar el impacto de la campaña educativa sobre el cólera en los conocimientos y creencias de la población, se realizó en 1993 una encuesta a 1 324 personas de 14 provincias y el municipio especial Isla de la Juventud. El 85 % tenía entre 20 y 59 años y el nivel escolar del 89 % era de secundaria básica o superior. El 69 % tenía los conocimientos mínimos para enfrentar la enfermedad, el 90 % acudiría al médico si la sospechara, el 72 % conocía que la diarrea es el síntoma principal del cólera, el 54 % sabía cómo se transmite, el 89 % creía que se puede contagiar por medio del agua de beber, el 54 % entendía la importancia de suministrarle líquidos al enfermo y el 78 % comprendía la importancia de lavarse las manos antes de comer y cocinar. Se concluye que, si bien la población tiene conocimientos generales sobre la enfermedad, por encontrarse nuestro país en una zona endémica debe reforzarse la educación para la salud, específicamente en los aspectos relacionados con la transmisión y con el incremento de la ingestión de líquidos a los enfermos.